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Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (; born 5 January 1938) is a Kenyan writer, formerly working in English and now working in Gikuyu. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Gikuyu-language journal ''Mũtĩiri''. In 1977, Ngũgĩ embarked upon a novel form of theatre in his native Kenya that sought to liberate the theatrical process from what he held to be "the general bourgeois education system", by encouraging spontaneity and audience participation in the performances.〔Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, ''Decolonising the mind: the politics of language in African literature'', 1994, pp. 57–9.〕 His project sought to "demystify" the theatrical process, and to avoid the "process of alienation () produces a gallery of active stars and an undifferentiated mass of grateful admirers" which, according to Ngũgĩ, encourages passivity in "ordinary people".〔 Although ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' was a commercial success, it was shut down by the authoritarian Kenyan regime six weeks after its opening.〔 Ngũgĩ was subsequently imprisoned for over a year. Adopted as an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience, the artist was released from prison, and fled Kenya. In the United States, he taught at Yale University for some years, and has since also taught at New York University, with a dual professorship in Comparative Literature and Performance Studies, and at the University of California, Irvine. Ngũgĩ has frequently been regarded as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.〔(Evan Mwangi, "Despite the Criticism, Ngugi is 'Still Best Writer'" ). AllAfrica, 8 November 2010.〕〔("Kenyan author sweeps in as late favourite in Nobel prize for literature" ). ''The Guardian''. 5 October 2010.〕〔("Ngugi wa Thiong'o: a major storyteller with a resonant development message" ). ''The Guardian''. 6 October 2010.〕 His son is the author Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ.〔(Mukoma Wa Ngugi website. )〕 ==Biography== Ngũgĩ was born in Kamiriithu, near Limuru in Kiambu district, Kenya, of Kikuyu descent, and baptised James Ngugi. His family was caught up in the Mau Mau War; his half-brother Mwangi was actively involved in the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, and his mother was tortured at Kamiriithu homeguard post.〔Nicholls, Brendon. ''Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, gender, and the ethics of postcolonial reading'', 2010, p. 89.〕He attended The Alliance High School. He received a B.A. in English from Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda, in 1963; during his education, a play of his, ''The Black Hermit'', was produced in Kampala in 1962. Ngũgĩ published his first novel, ''Weep Not, Child'', in 1964, which he wrote while attending the University of Leeds in England. It was the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa.〔Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983, p. 188.〕 〔('Ngũgĩ, Leeds and the Establishment of African Literature' by James Currey, in Leeds ''African Studies Bulletin'' 74 (December 2012), pp. 48-62 )〕 His second novel, ''The River Between'' (1965), has as its background the Mau Mau rebellion, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians. ''The River Between'' is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. His novel ''A Grain of Wheat'' (1967) marked his embrace of Fanonist Marxism. He subsequently renounced English, Christianity, and the name James Ngugi as colonialist; he changed his name back to Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, and began to write in his native Gikuyu and Swahili. In 1976 he helped set up The Kamiriithu Community Education and Cultural Centre which, among other things, organised African Theatre in the area. The uncensored political message of his 1977 play ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (''I Will Marry When I Want'') provoked the then Kenyan Vice-President Daniel arap Moi to order his arrest. While detained in the Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Ngũgĩ wrote the first modern novel in Gikuyu, ''Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ'' (''Devil on the Cross''), on prison-issued toilet paper. After his release, he was not reinstated to his job as professor at Nairobi University, and his family was harassed. Due to his writing about the injustices of the dictatorial government at the time, Ngugi and his family were forced to live in exile. Only after Arap Moi was voted out of office, 22 years later, was it safe for them to return. His later works include ''Detained'', his prison diary (1981), ''Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature'' (1986), an essay arguing for African writers' expression in their native languages rather than European languages, in order to renounce lingering colonial ties and to build an authentic African literature, and ''Matigari'' (1987), one of his most famous works, a satire based on a Gikuyu folktale. In 1992, Ngũgĩ became a professor of Comparative Literature and Performance Studies at New York University, where he held the Erich Maria Remarque Chair. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature as well as the Director of the (International Center for Writing and Translation ) at the University of California, Irvine. On 8 August 2004, Ngũgĩ returned to Kenya as part of a month-long tour of East Africa. On 11 August, robbers broke into his high-security apartment: they assaulted Ngũgĩ, sexually assaulted his wife and stole various items of value. Since then, Ngũgĩ has returned to America, and in the summer 2006 the American publishing firm Random House published his first new novel in nearly two decades, ''Wizard of the Crow'', translated to English from Gikuyu by the author. On 10 November 2006, while in San Francisco at Hotel Vitale at the Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ was harassed and ordered to leave the hotel by an employee. The event led to a public outcry and angered both African-Americans and members of the African diaspora living in America, prompting an apology by the hotel. His most recent books are ''Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance'', a collection of essays published in 2009 making the argument for the crucial role of African languages in "the resurrection of African memory,"〔(''Publishers Weekly'' ), 26 January 2009.〕 and two autobiographical works: ''Dreams in a Time of War: a Childhood Memoir'' (2010) and ''In the House of the Interpreter: A Memoir'' (2012). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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